In a word, contention. WiFi and mobile data both use radio signals. The radio connection is shared between you and whoever else is tapping into that radio channel.
In your house there are fewer people sharing the WiFi signal; possibly just you, so you get all the bandwidth.
On mobile you’re sharing that radio cell with potentially hundreds of others, so you all get just a little bit at a time. That’s also why you can often get full reception yet no data connection in a busy area. Your phone can see a mast but it’s full.
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