I think the actual ELI5 answer is that email is an artifact of the early internet and is therefore open and uncontrolled.
Private companies operating their own ecosystems such as Twitter can add whatever verification systems they like, but nobody owns the IP for email.
Like anything with software technology, there’s a tradeoff between ease of use and user freedom. The less able you are to get yourself in trouble, the less control you have over how something functions. Email is very customisable and the underlying architecture is fundamentally insecure.
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