It’s a question of how they decompose. In a composter there is a lot of air and microbes that breath air, so the decay is “aerobic”, producing carbon dioxide. In a landfill there is no air supply so the microbes break it down “anaerobically”, producing methane, a much more potent greenhouse gas.
Additionally, composted material ultimately produces what is essentially soil and can be spread on your garden to improve the quality of your flowers and vegetables that you grow. In a landfill site the stuff is stuck there for a long, long time while it rots, and is mixed with a lot of other rubbish which means any soil you could get from it will be polluted.
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