Like all the best old wives’ tales, there’s some truth! Our bodies have pockets of air in them in various places (such as the nitrogen bubbles that cause the distinctive “popping” noise when you crack your knuckles, or the air that occupies your sinuses). Those air pockets are usually in balance with the atmospheric pressure, which is basically the weight of the air around your body. This means there’s roughly equal pressure inside the bubble as outside.
However, certain weather changes are accompanied by different atmospheric pressure. In particular, right before big storms, the air pressure often drops, meaning there’s less air weight pressing on your body. This in turn can cause the air bubbles in your body to swell up, because now there’s more air pressure inside the bubbles than outside. That swelling can cause pain, especially in places which are already sensitive to swelling like joints, sinuses, and old injuries.
It’s definitely not a perfect weather forecast, though. Anything that causes a change to atmospheric pressure can cause symptoms, even if it’s not a storm rolling in. And not all joints have a noticeable reaction even to big changes in atmospheric pressure, if the swelling is minor or not in a place where it’s pushing on nerves.
I have arthritis which affects my feet / knees and I can definitely feel a difference based on the weather; usually if a storm is coming I’ll have more pain; though it’s not something I’d say gives me predictive powers – usually by the time I notice the pain is worse the storm is already looming and everybody knows anyway!
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