Depends on the tree what happens.
Some types of trees do regrow from a stump, but you’re gonna wait a long time before you get a full height tree out.
This was/is actually a method to get a high rate of growth of light timber out of forests, good for charcoal production. They’d cut a mid-size tree of the right species off at the trunk, then a couple of shoots grow out of it the next year. With a large and well established root system these can grow very very quickly, then they cut those off once they’re grown a bit, and a few more grow back the next cycle and so on. This is called [Coppicing](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppicing).
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