Longer endurance activities activate aerobic energy systems utilizing oxygen to work in order to complete the activity. For short, strength exercises you are utilizing anaerobic pathways. If you focus on one of these in particular your muscles and body adapt to favor whichever you use the most frequently, therefore preparing you for what it now assumes will be something you need in the future.
There’s also a lot of more complicated pieces to this regarding hormones, muscle damage etc but long story short, the body adapts based on what you do often so that you will be prepared in the future. Your body is simply trying to prepare better for the next time it is under stress, and prioritizes strength or endurance based on what stimulus it is receiving frequently
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