Carbon dioxide, at atmospheric pressure, doesn’t exist as a liquid state at any temperature. It sublimates directly from a really cold solid into a gas, absorbing energy from it’s surroundings as it does so.
Keep in mind that phase change occurs at roughly -78 Celsius, which is pretty cold. That’s why you don’t want to touch the stuff with bare hands.
Dry ice is a really cold and solid form of carbon dioxide. Thus any vapor coming from it is carbon dioxide gas. It makes the gas because it’s heating up to a temperature where carbon dioxide is a gas; the process of turning from a solid to a gas is called sublimation. It burns the skin because it is too cold for our skin to handle similar to the ice cube and salt “trick”.
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