This is such an interesting question and topic. Yes, the rainbow that we know goes on well before and well after what we can see. There are many animals that can not only see different parts of the spectrum than we can see, but they even see colors that are sort of in-between the colors we see. Look up the mantis shrimp if you want to get your mind blown.
Another cool thing is that our Sun puts out the majority of its light in the form of electromagnetic waves that coincide with the wavelengths that our eyes can see. Our eyes evolved to make the best use of the available light. There is more to the rainbow than what we can see, but we see most of what is available and useful.
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