eli5: How did scientists meticulously unravel the chemical processes of food digestion within the closed system of live human beings?
In: Biology
its only closed without intervention. science can be as gross and awful as humans are prepared to go.
want to see digestion “happen”?? cut open the abdomen of a willing (hopefully) participant; and watch the stomach and intestines move……or in modern times watch on an fMRI or MRI
want to see how food impacts other things??? take baseline blood and hair and stool…..feed patient restrictive (or selective) diet; take blood/urine/stool/hair samples at regular intervals post meal
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