For example, if something would be a few light years wide, would that not mean we would have to use a thing to map it out for that amount of light years in years to get the actual map? Or do they use different methods, like scaling things close to it?
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They are very educated guesses. The mass can be well calculated for anything with a moon or planet orbiting it thanks to Kepler’s equations.
The size and density are estimated based on mass and luminosity (how bright it is). For some things like stars that resemble our sun, this is a good guess. For other things, it is an educated guess.
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