A virus is just computer software, it works the same way any other software works.
Viruses are a type of malware – software that is developed with a malicious intent. The main traits that distinguish a virus from other malware is that it must be 1) self-replicating (able to spread to other computers), and 2) designed to disrupt normal computer operation or damage data. Hence they are named for their biological counterpart which share the same traits.
Other types of malware include ransomware (renders user data inaccessible or threatens to expose it unless a ransom is paid), spyware (monitors your activity, usually to send somewhere online) or adware (displays unwanted ads or other web browsing shenanigans).
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