There are basically 2 main types. One is using a western keyboard and phonetics.
When you want to type hello or 你好 phonetically this sounds like “ni hao”. The transliteration is done with pinyin (or some of the other transliteration systems), the official way to write standard mandarin with roman letters.
The other is using root symbols, e.g a set of basic shapes to make the chinese characters.
Both have different systems available, and you also have hybrid typing systems which combine the 2 and, now especially with smart phones, drawing as direct input
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