Just like when you dissolve solids (like, say, sugar) in water, you can also dissolve gases like carbon dioxide. The gas will stay dissolved until something makes it want to come out: violent shaking (don’t open the can you just dropped), getting warm (the can you left on the counter is now flat), or having a surface to collect and make big bubbles (adding Mentos to Diet Coke) are common ways for carbonation to leave a solution.
If the container is closed, then over time the carbonation can be reabsorbed into the solution, so if you let that shaken can of soda sit for a long while, it will be just fine to drink.
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