Eli5 How do we differenciate sounds from a source far away, against something closer but fainter?
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There is a specific way that waveforms (sounds) decay over distance. As we develop, our senses tune in on this, and we can use it for estimating distance. As with any skill, it is something that can be practiced and learnt
One big clue is how loud the sound seems in each ear. If it’s super close, you may hear it in only one ear.
Another important clue for your brain is how the sound position changes relative to your ears when you move your head. If it doesn’t change much, it’s far away. It can be hard to pinpoint a sudden sharp crack. If you hear a crack, turn your head in the direction of the sound, and hear another crack, you’ll have a much better idea where it came from.
Low frequency sounds travel further through the atmosphere than higher pitches. If it’s a sound you recognize, your brain will notice if the higher frequencies are muffled.
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