A catalyst lowers the “threshold” for a reaction to occur. For example, burning a fuel typically requires >800°C ish temperatures before it gets going. It requires a certain energy level to start reacting. A catalyst, by definition, lowers this minimum level, e.g. it might start burning happily at just 400°C instead. The reaction is still the same, for hydrocarbon fuels it’s generally fuel>h2o+co2, the catalyst is not part of the start or end product(again, by definition), although it may be involved in some steps in the middle.
As for *exactly how* it works, I don’t know. But I do suspect though,like anything chemistry related at the most basic level, it’s gonna boil down to horribly complex quantum mechanics.
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