The phones in your house worked off of power supplied on the phone lines. 48V DC on hook and then uses 90VAC at 20hz to make the phone ring.
With digital phone service through a cable company, a device called an eMTA, embedded multimedia terminal adapter, that has a modem and analog converters to provide that voltage to you phones.
Fiber ONT solutions would use an ATA, analog terminal adapter, to do the same thing.
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