Eli5 How does an astigmatism test work?

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Why, when one has an astigmatism, are certain lines darker than others? Does position of the lines and tint tell you anything in relation to the shape of the eyeball or muscles involved? Also, why do the lines appear uniformly darker when looking at the outside numbers, rather than the center?

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Inside your eye is a small lens that takes the light that comes into it, and makes an image on your retina. However, your lens can only create a clear image from something that is a particular distance away. You can change what that particular distance by making the lens flatter or rounder.

If you have astigmatism, then the lens is not quite symmetric. That means that if lines in one direction are in focus, then lines in a different direction are out of focus. Now our brains do a lot of image processing before the image becomes available to our conscious mind, so lines that are in focus appear slightly darker than the lines that are slightly out of focus.