In most countries when you apply to build new roads, you have to get planning permission and submit maps, etc.
Nowdays, that goes up the chain and is incorporated into official mapping data upon approval which organisations like highways agencies, or planning departments, or local councils will be offering to the companies that produce things like satnav mapping.
Likely each road is entered into the system as soon as it happens / is completed, and the mapping company is buying a very expensive subscription to such changes from another company that handles actually turning those plans into GIS data that everyone can use.
In the UK, places like the Ordnance Survey make most of their money by selling mapping like this, and the local councils have to submit any changes or additions of roads to the Highways Agency that likely coordinates mapping that’s then sold out to places like satnav companies and even things like Google Maps.
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