Title says it all.
In: Biology
The chemical responsible for the transition from bright light vision (in colour) to dark-adapted vision (grey-scale) is called Rhodopsin. With bright light hitting the eye, rhodopsin is destroyed and vision is primarily through colour-sensitive cone cells in the retina. In low light, rhodopsin is not destroyed, and vision transitions to rod cells, which are just responsive to light level, and not colour.
The longer you are in the dark, the more rhodopsin builds up to improve night vision.
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