Here is the thing about nature: it has a stubborn refusal to obey or adhere to these nice, neat, discrete little categories some evolved apes have invented for it.
“Living” and “dead” are human conceptions. Nature does not obey them and refuses to divide things into those categories.
Are you alive? Sure you might say. But that’s not entirely true. There are non-trivial parts of you that *aren’t* living. For example, much of your hair is “dead.” Much of your fingernails and toenails are “dead.”
Conversely, when you are “dead” much of you is still alive. If you have a heart attack and dead, all the cells in your body don’t just suddenly and immediately stop. Many of your cells will carry on “living” for several days.
The point at which we consider a person “dead” is a somewhat arbitrary one. It’s a label we invent for our own practical purposes that covers a wide variety of cases but does not, and cannot, neatly divide the universe into two categories with no fuzzy boundaries.
And all of this applies to trees. Much of a “living” tree is composed of not “living” cells. You may have heard it said that only the outer layers of the tree are alive and this is true. And just like many of your cells continue living even if you are “dead” you are correct that much of the tree’s cells will continue to live even if it is chopped down.
So when is a tree considered dead? Well, the perhaps unsatisfying answer is: “we consider it dead when it is useful for us to do so.”
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