Numbers we use today are based on Arabic numerals. They were one of the first cultures in the world to invent zero and organize decimal number system. They were so advanced in mathematics that their work done during dark ages were preserved and then traveled to Europe and then spread to the rest of the world after 16th century.
The rest of world learned from Europe. Most cultures had their own number systems before. Roman numerals, Chinese numbers, Egyptian hieroglyphs all had their own numbers. Most lacked concept of zero or decimal system. Arabic number system was simple and beautiful and they had other concepts of mathematics like infinity, etc that proved more advanced at the time.
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