how do they come about, how can they kill organisms
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Answer:
Alleles are differences in how genes are coded in DNA. A large number of genes are considered robust because most small transcription errors actually produce either the same proteins (completely the same) or don’t fundamentally change the way a protein operates.
However if the transcription errors arise in critical positions in a protein that is critical to life function, for example the active site of a protein or a critical directing amino acid that controls how the active site is situated, than these alleles can be considered lethal. These lethal alleles can keep life from starting or will create a situation where life will end faster because the protein(s) are either poorly or non-functional.
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