Just as water travels through pipes to get to your faucet, sperm need to travel through the Vas Deferens, a biological pipe inside the scrotum which only carries sperm, to make it out of the penis. A vasectomy (same prefix as the *vas-* in *vas deferens*) surgically blocks this pathway, the sperm can’t get to their destination. The tube is cut and either stapled, cauterized, sutured, or glued shut–sometimes a combination of these things. The body effectively recycles the sperm.
A man can still make semen, though their sperm count is zero, due to the prostate being further down the line from the vas deferens.
The whole process is uncomfortable, but not painful. Vasectomies are a pretty effective means of sterilization, though reversing them isn’t as simple or as probable to work as intended.
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