Obviously this will vary by species. But generally:
Soil doesn’t freeze very deep down. Many insects will burrow down deeper into the soil.
Many will also find protected spaces like crawl spaces under houses or fallen trees and stumps that offer some slight insulation from the cold.
Many insects can also tolerate very low temperatures. They don’t have nearly as much water by weight as other animals so there’s less risk of cell damage from frozen water. So when there’s a hard freeze, they aren’t necessarily injured as we or other vertebrates would.
There are multiple strategies used by various insects… I can’t remember them all, but here’s what I remember
1. Some just flat out don’t survive
2. Some find sheltered areas that don’t get as cold, and survive in them
3. Some are underground beforehand, I think 10cm underground is like moving 100km towards the equator in terms of the temperature
4. Some are able to survive limited freezing
5. Others are able to survive complete freezing
The strategy used is generally dependent on the origins of the insect, a mosquito from tropical regions would fit in number 1 while an insect from northern regions that doesn’t have a burrowing phase could be a number 4 or 5
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