Strength is a product of the nervous system. It’s a learned skill through “practicing” picking up heavy things. You can get stronger and not gain muscle mass but gaining that mass will increase your ceiling of maximal strength to a degree. The mass doesn’t necessarily make you stronger. You will gradually increase strength by building muscle but to truly unlock the potential of your new found muscle is done through the nervous system learning how to recruit all those new fibers.
theres a difference between power training and strength training. strength training can lead to maximization of absolute strength, but power lifting involves higher velocity repetitions and a markedly increased level of coordination between alpha motor neurons controlling the movement. dynamic power athletes train with different rep ranges and % of their repition maximum than strength athletes. muscle adaptations as a result of this type of training are different than the muscle adaptations that you’d get from a purely strength-centered program. power lifts are also much different than what you might see a strength athlete performing. some of the common exercises would be hang clean, clean and jerk, and power clean
source: exercise scientist, let me know if you want less of an ELI5 and a more detailed explanation
If you just take the amount of muscle mass as a parameter, it probably has a pretty weak correlation with powerlifting total. There are many, many reasons for this:
1. that smaller person has specially trained the muscles needed for those particular lifts more whereas the larger mass of the bigger person is not optimally where powerlifting strength is generated from
2. that smaller person has a biomechanical advantage on those lifts due to body structure or muscle insertions (i.e. even if a person with longer arms has more muscle strength in their triceps, shoulders and pecs, he’she might still have a weaker bench 1 rep max due to having to raise the bar a much longer distance compared to a lifter with short arms)
3. that smaller person has larger relative amount of fast-twitch fibers compared to the bigger person (mostly genetically determined)
4. that smaller person can recruit a larger amount of working muscle fibers due to training style and genetics
5. that smaller person has better powerlifting technique
6. that smaller person has primarily trained for strength whereas the bigger person has trained for mass
etc. etc. etc.
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