There are several reasons. For reasons, most of my knowledge of this comes from anime, so all the examples are coming from that.
One factor is that the voice actors are trying to match the flaps of the lips, so if a literal translated version is too few syllables, they’ll retweak it to fit.
Another factor is audience. If you’re watching something like a Hayao Miyazaki movie, the dub is usually targeted to kids while the sub will mostly be seen by older teens and adults, so the dub may change certain cultural references that a kid might not know about. Pokémon was notorious for this.
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