The ground and oceans can soak up tons of energy without showing much change, which means their temperature changes very, veeeeeeeeeery slowly. The fact that one day is longer than the others isn’t going to affect things much; it’s the cumulative effect of many, many, many energy-filled days that slowly makes days get hotter and hotter.
Same thing in the opposite direction: the coldest days of the year come some time after the shortest days of the year, because it takes a long time for the ground to give up the heat that it just soaked up all summer long.
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