On CDs and DVDs there are little bumps (burns) in the reflective surface in a spiral shape. When the laser from a disc reader “reads” the disk, it’s capturing either a reflection (0) or a hole (1) which is binary for the machine reading it. The computer then converts the binary to a digital signal.
On tapes, magnetic tape is passed through a series of magnets which record whatever you want onto the tape. When you put it through another magnetic reader, the change in fields on magnetic tape are converted to an analog signal.
Edit: analog
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