The simple answer is: We test with animals or people and see the effects. Many medications are actually side effects found when testing a new drug. For example, Viagra’s properties were discovered by accident when using it during a study to treat heart conditions and patients reported boners several days after taking it. If you read the pamphlets that are included in some brand-name medications they use wording such as “It is believed that component-x has an anti-inflammatory action on the xxxxx” which can be translated to “We are not totally sure”. With the existing knowledge you can create new drugs combining drugs with known effects on the body either directly or at a molecule level and hope for the best. Only around 6:/. of drugs make it to market due to unforseen side effects, in other words 94:/. fail.
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