How are non-rechargeable batteries charged in the first place?
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They are charged to begin with. The difference between a charged and dead battery is what chemicals are in it. They put the “charged” chemicals in when they make the battery.
The more difficult question is how do rechargeables get recharged.
A battery, any battery works on the REDOX principle.
Reduction Oxidation.
You have two bits of metal in an acidic solution.
One bit of metal, the anode, gets eaten away by the acid (reduction), the other, the diode, rusts (oxidation). The flow of electrons from one chemical reaction to the other creates an electrical charge.
Rechargeable batteries are able to reverse the chemical reaction to turn the anode to the diode and the diode into the anode
A battery uses chemical reactions to produce energy. (or rather turn chemical energy into electrical energy)
A non rechargeable battery is assembled using chemicals/materials that will react to produce electricity, however once that chemical reaction has finished processing all the original chemicals into new ones the battery is spent.
A rechargeable battery is very similar, except the chemical reaction can be reversed by forcing electricity back into the battery, ie recharging it.
Different combinations of chemicals yield different results. Some can be reversed easily by applying power, others cannot. Some are easy to produce with household goods, others take extensive processing with dangerous ingredients and machinery. Plenty of other factors at play as well.
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