That’s a problem no one has really solved yet.
The way it usually works is that you break down big tasks in more manageable sub-tasks. Then you estimate how long each sub task is going to take, based on how long similiar sub-task took in the past, add up all the sub-tasks, then add some allowance for tasks taking longer than estimated, then add some more, and finally you have a number that you can tell your manager.
If you have a team of people you generally know who works faster or slower and assign them a corresponding amount of work.
With a bit of experience it works reasonably well.
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