They react with the microbes chemically and destroy them. Copper and silver does this by stripping electrons. Pure wood (like, wood with no finishings – not implying there is a wood atom) will strip water from the cells too which can cause cell death as well. Wood cutting boards when dry are much more safe then plastic ones for this reason. Any finishing such as lacquer will however create a barrier though. I believe some butchers used to spread sawdust around for this reason.
Also, Heat is an option albeit not really safe to use in an airport.
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