I think this is a philosophical question. Philosophers call it the mind-body problem, and there has never been any consensus on an answer.
There *are* popular theories based on new neuroscience. But these aren’t fundamentally new answers; they’re just more detailed versions of the old idea that thoughts (along with every other phenomenon) are physical. To other philosophers that just begs the question.
The book “Neurophilosophy” by Patricia Churchland is an early example of the physicalist position. Thomas Nagel’s “Mind and Cosmos” is a newer example of the critical position.
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