It depends a lot on the vegetable. Some, like root vegetables, can be stored for many months. Some, like lettuce and celery, can be grown almost year-round in places with a mild winter climate (like California and Florida, in the US). Some, like tomatoes and cucumbers, are grown in greenhouses almost year-round. Many fruits and a few vegetables that need a winter climate to grow, are grown in the southern hemisphere (especially Chile), where the seasons are reversed.
There’s a huge amount of logistics and technology that goes into making sure you always have a consistent selection of produce at the supermarket, but even so, you’ll probably find that the price and quality aren’t so great in the late winter and early spring.
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