Because that cable (actually usually a bundle of cables) are typically fiber optic. They transmit the information using light, which is very high frequency compared to most electronics signals.
The information capacity of a signal is related to its frequency…the higher the frequency, the more information it can encode. Theoretically, a signal at a single frequency can encode information up to 1/2 of its frequency. Since light is very high frequency, it can carry a lot of information.
And fiber optic cables can handle more than one frequency of light at a time. By using various “colors” of light, the total bandwidth (information carrying capacity) can be vastly expanded.
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