It’s possible to survive on a single food as long as it has enough micro-nutrients (vitamins) and microminerals (iron, maganese, zinc, etc). Otherwise, yes, there will be adverse side effects.
It also depends on genetics, for example [the Inuit](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/09/150917160034.htm) can survive eating only meat because of genetic adaptations.
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