how can touch screen distinguish my finger from other objects touching it?
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It does not try, this is kind of an unwanted fluke. Touch screen manufacturers are trying to make their screens detect things like general pens and gloves but the technology used makes this hard. In fact some rugged devices use older worse touch technology to allow them to be used with gloves.
The current touch screen technology is capacitive touch sensitive. There is a grid of thin wires over the screen that with certain sensors can detect the capacitence in the area. In rough terms things which conduct electricity increases the capacienence. For example a human finger. But also things like water. However gloves and most other objects do not work. Even the glass or plastic on top of the screen does not have much of an effect on the capacitence and are therefore invisible to the touch screen.
There are special gloves you can get with materials sown onto the fingers that does increase the capacitence. These can be used on touch screens as well.
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