The computer you’re probably thinking of was Collossus created by Tommy Flowers, it worked a bit like a modern computer but with valves rather then transistors.
A transistor/valve is an electronic switch which can be turned in or off with an electrical signal, these switches are the basis of all computers with on being represented by a 1 and off by 0, we call this binary though for a long time most computers are programmed using hexadecimal registers or a high-level language using something akin to plain English.
Charles Babbage’s difference engine is a good example of a computer using physical switches rather than electronic ones.
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