Its about stopping what you can and dealing with what you can’t.
When it comes to space craft mass is a HUGE concern. Certain types of radiation can only be stopped by a large amount of mass. It’s not practical to make a spacecraft with lead walls 5 ft thick. So they picked materials that gave them the most bang for the buck. A lot of radiation can be shielded with a small amount of the correct material. After that its up to measuring what the astronauts were exposed to and giving them treatment.
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