Horses were wild and their hooves were maintained by the terrain. If not, their hooves would grow out and break off in chunks, which was another way they could self trim.
Humans recognized this when they kept horses in captivity. Just like human nails, they grow out and curl over, causing extreme pain and potentially the inability to walk. A horse must remain upright. There’s also a huge infection risk.
On the other hand, we took them out of the wild and make them walk on concrete, roads, and other extremely abrasive surfaces. This wears their hooves down too much, so they need shoes to protect them
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