You get a nobel prize if you can answer this question precisely.
We know that lipid bubbles that sort of resemble cell membranes form naturally, and we know that the ancient oceans were filled with simple amino acids that could randomly combine to make all manner of structures.
Presumably one such structure was self-replicating, and then the race is on, but we’ve never been able to replicate it in a lab.
Of course Earth had vast oceans and millions of years to try combinations and get that trillion-to-one shot at a self-replicating protein. It’s a lot harder to get it right in a test tube over a long weekend.
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