It was Copernicus who first put forward an alternative idea to the geocentric model. He was able to put his idea together because his mentor Tycho Brahe had spent a good chunk of his life making detailed measurements of the locations of the stars using the most sophisticated technology of the time. Copernicus then took the measurements and made a model of the solar system that explained the movements of the planets. His model was called heliocentric because it had the sun as the center of the universe.
Copernicus did try to prove that the sun was not the center of the universe, or rather he checked to see if it was, by looking for parallax (google it) between stars. He didn’t see any so he concluded that the sun was, in fact, the center of the universe. It wasn’t until glass polishing got better and lenses started being used to look at the stars that the parallax shift was detected and the heliocentric model was replaced
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