Such as very similar or near-identical vocabularies, phrases, greetings, yes/no/maybe, exclamations etc.
In: Culture
Those words/phrases were developed to describe and interact with parts of daily human life. As such there is a baseline design feature of each language that it needs to function for things like making decisions (yes/no/maybe), socializing with other members of the community (greetings), and expressing emotional states to inform other people of your current state (exclamations). They are also needed to describe places and things (nouns) in order to be useful.
Those things are important to human survival on a base level before you even assign words to them. So thats why they form a common base of human communication, its because those ar things humans need to communicate about.
Because they are, in fact, related. For example, just about any language spoken in the Americas, Europe, parts of Asia and the Middle East are all part of the Indo-European family of languages, that all evolved from the same language thousands of years ago.
Different languages don’t have essentially identical systems of communication.
For example, you mention “yes/no/maybe”. Did you know that some languages don’t have words for yes and no? For example Irish and Chinese.
There are other languages that have more yes/no words than English. For example, in German both “ja” and “doch” can be translated as “yes” in English, but “ja” is only used in response to positively phrased questions (“Do you do this?”), while “doch” is only used in response to negatively phrased questions (“Don’t you do this?”).
As another post has said, a great many of the world’s languages are related. Hindi and German (and many languages in-between) are part of Indo-European, which is a family that people pretty confidently think came from just one language thousands of years ago. A lot has changed, but some basics of how the language works, and even some words have stayed similar. For example, the Hindi word for fire is “Agni”, which is related to the English word “Ignite”. That’s not coincidence – it’s because thousands of years ago, they were one language that changed as people moved apart. Remember, if you read English that’s only 600 years old, it’s very hard to understand. Imagine how big that difference would get over many thousands of years.
Now, there are many languages that *aren’t* part of that big family. But many languages are indeed part of a different big family like that (for example, Afro-Asiatic is a big family that encompasses languages like Hausa, spoken in Nigeria, to Hebrew).
If you did know that, and you meant it on a more fundamental level, we don’t actually know. But it’s easy to imagine that everyone needs a word for things like “yes” or “no” and to describe things like colours. The actual words for those concepts might and do sound very different in languages with no relation to each other, but they will exist because they’re words that people almost always need when interacting with each other in a society.
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