Those words/phrases were developed to describe and interact with parts of daily human life. As such there is a baseline design feature of each language that it needs to function for things like making decisions (yes/no/maybe), socializing with other members of the community (greetings), and expressing emotional states to inform other people of your current state (exclamations). They are also needed to describe places and things (nouns) in order to be useful.
Those things are important to human survival on a base level before you even assign words to them. So thats why they form a common base of human communication, its because those ar things humans need to communicate about.
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