Analyzing proper names and places is helpful as most often those names in other languages are basically just direct transliterations. So if you know about the city of THEBES and you find a word written in hieroglyphics where you can decipher the letters THE_ES and it’s talking about a city in the location of THEBES, then you can reasonably deduce the identity of that known letter.
Specifically in history they did things like comparing proper names like Ptolemy and Cleopatra and other tricks.
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