Several ways. During the design phase, the design is subjected to computer simulations of things like launch loads (intense vibration) as well as thermal loads (the cold and heat of space). The survivability is then checked with testing by shaking or cooling/heating the hardware as well and checked for functionality after test. Parts are checked for critical dimensions and tolerances. All of this is checked and double checked throughout the design and build process. Design reviews are conducted several times where top level managers review and critique the process. And if a particular component is novel and has no history of prior use, component level tests are ordered.
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