In addition to what others have stated, there’s also tools that work like temporary tourniquets that can be used in planned amputations. These devices are applied on the limb in a manner similar to a blood pressure measuring device and can be inflated mid-surgery to stop blood flow in the limb temporarily and make for a relatively unbloody surgery. These are also commonly used in ACL reconstructiony or knee replacements e.g. I don’t know, however, if they’re also applicable on upper extremities.
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