How do amputations or major operations occur without insane blood loss/death?

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How do amputations or major operations occur without insane blood loss/death?

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Part of a surgeon’s skill is to recognise larger blood vessels, which are avoided entirely, or tied off if it is part of the procedure/if needed.

Smaller blood vessels are either cauterised or tied off as the surgeon goes along. The surgeon often will not proceed until each new area they cut through is free of bleeding. Before finishing, they also make sure they are no areas of active bleeding. The body will them form new vessels as part of healing.

These are all very basic principles of surgery precisely because it can be fatal if not followed.

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