Back in the analog days they would write a chart of what sounds were being made each 1/24th (or 1/12th) of a second on the soundtrack.
Occasionally they would also film the voice actors while recording, and that can be used as a reference.
Nowadays computers make it easier. When I animate dialogue in TVPaint, I can import the audio file into the timeline, and when I scrub frame-by-frame, the program plays just that frame’s snippet of audio and I can usually tell what sound is being made.
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