When the champagne is bottled, the fermentation process hasn’t completed yet and the yeast continues to make carbon dioxide. The corks can more or less be pressed in (usually by a machine) like normal wine bottling.
The fermentation process continues after bottling and this produces the carbon dioxide that dissolves in the “wine” to make it bubbly when the bottle is uncorked.
At least, this is how it worked for my home made bubbly!
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